A two-part question, the first of which revolves around the Christian religion and th

[سواها قلبي]

This time I will not tell you that my name is Mishaal Al-Mishaal and other than tand other than SAWAHA QHLBI that my nickname

And I will not tell you that I am from the Sunnis

I asked permission from Al-Athram and I will quote to you what he wrote on the pages of this forum. And do not forget that I use Google Translate



These are two-part questions.. The first revolves around the Christian religion.. and the second revolves around the Islamic religion. These are the questions of the Christian religion:

** The Christian religion..

1- Does the Qur’an support Christ and the Bible?

2- How did the abrogation and distortion in the Bible happen as Muslims claim? .. And do Muslims keep the original Bible?

3- Alcohol is forbidden in the Qur’an but not forbidden in the Bible, so how do you explain that? .. And is there a verse in the Holy Qur’an that forbids alcohol?

4- Do Muslims believe in the messengers of Christ whom he chose and entrusted with the mission of preaching to all nations as mentioned in the Bible?

5- Does the Holy Qur’an support the Holy Spirit?
6- According to what is stated in the Bible, Christ, peace be upon him, was crucified, died, and was buried, then rose from the dead on the third day.. So what is stated in the Qur’an regarding this statement?

7- It is stated in the Bible that Christ is the son of God.. So what is the opinion of the Holy Qur’an?

8- Does the Holy Quran represent the three hypostases: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, as stated in the Bible?

9- What is the status of the Virgin Mary among Muslims as the mother of Jesus, peace be upon him?



** The Islamic religion ..

1- Muhammad, peace be upon him, how was his life and the revelation of the Qur’an to him?

2- How do we convince skeptics that he is the Seal of the Prophets as stated in the Holy Qur’an only?
3- Was the sword used at the dawn of Islam to subjugate the infidels to enter Islam? .. And was that during the era of the Messenger, peace be upon him, or during the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs?

4- What is the opinion of Muslims about their brothers, the scholars who interpreted the Qur’an according to their opinions, which led to the formation of different sects .. And what is the truth of these sects?

5- Muslims marry more than one woman .. Is there a verse in the Qur’an that explains this .. And what are the reasons that prompted the Prophet, peace be upon him, to marry more than four?

6- Why does the Qur’an forbid pork? .. And is there a verse that forbids this?
7- Does the Qur’an support that Jesus, peace be upon him, was sent to the Children of Israel only?

8- We notice in the Qur’an that there are verses that abrogate verses, such as in Surat Al-Kafirun:

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

قُلۡ يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلۡكَٰفِرُونَ (1)
Say, "O disbelievers,

لَآ أَعۡبُدُ مَا تَعۡبُدُونَ (2)
I do not worship what you worship.


وَلَآ أَنتُمۡ عَٰبِدُونَ مَآ أَعۡبُدُ (3)
Nor are you worshippers of what I worship.


وَلَآ أَنَا۠ عَابِدٞ مَّا عَبَدتُّمۡ (4)
Nor will I be a worshipper of what you worship.


وَلَآ أَنتُمۡ عَٰبِدُونَ مَآ أَعۡبُدُ (5)
Nor will you be worshippers of what I worship.


لَكُمۡ دِينُكُمۡ وَلِيَ دِينِ (6)
For you is your religion, and for me is my religion."




What do Muslims think of this contradiction?

9- What is the Muslim's view of non-Muslims regarding various social transactions?
10- Why do Saudi authorities prevent Christians from entering the holy places in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia?


I seek refuge in Allah from Satan the accursed

وَإِذْ يَرْفَعُ إِبْرَاهِيمُ الْقَوَاعِدَ مِنَ الْبَيْتِ وَإِسْمَاعِيلُ رَبَّنَا تَقَبَّلْ مِنَّا ۖ إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ (127)

And [mention] when Abraham was raising the foundations of the House and [with him] Ishmael, [saying], "Our Lord, accept [this] from us. Indeed You are the Hearing, the Knowing.

رَبَّنَا وَاجْعَلْنَا مُسْلِمَيْنِ لَكَ وَمِنْ ذُرِّيَّتِنَا أُمَّةً مُسْلِمَةً لَكَ وَأَرِنَا مَنَاسِكَنَا وَتُبْ عَلَيْنَا ۖ إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ التَّوَّابُ الرَّحِيمُ (128)

Our Lord, and make us Muslims [in submission] to You and from our descendants a Muslim nation [in submission] to You. And show us our rites and accept our repentance. Indeed, You are the Accepting of repentance, the Merciful.


رَبَّنَا وَابْعَثْ فِيهِمْ رَسُولًا مِنْهُمْ يَتْلُو عَلَيْهِمْ آيَاتِكَ وَيُعَلِّمُهُمُ الْكِتَابَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَيُزَكِّيهِمْ ۚ إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ (129)

Our Lord, and send among them a messenger from themselves who will recite to them Your verses and teach them the Book and wisdom and purify them. Indeed, You are the Exalted in


وَمَنْ يَرْغَبُ عَنْ مِلَّةِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِلَّا مَنْ سَفِهَ نَفْسَهُ ۚ وَلَقَدِ اصْطَفَيْنَاهُ فِي الدُّنْيَا ۖ وَإِنَّهُ فِي الْآخِرَةِ لَمِنَ الصَّالِحِينَ (130)

And who would be averse to the religion of Abraham except one who makes a fool of himself. And We had chosen him in this world, and indeed he, in the Hereafter, will be among the righteous.

إِذْ قَالَ لَهُ رَبُّهُ أَسْلِمْ ۖ قَالَ أَسْلَمْتُ لِرَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ (131)

When his Lord said to him, "Submit", he said "I have submitted [in Islam] to the Lord of the worlds."

وَوَصَّىٰ بِهَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بَنِيهِ وَيَعْقُوبُ يَا بَنِيَّ إِنَّ اللَّهَ اصْطَفَىٰ لَكُمُ الدِّينَ فَلَا تَمُوتُنَّ إِلَّا وَأَنْتُمْ مُسْلِمُونَ (132)
And Abraham instructed his sons [to do the same] and [so did] Jacob, [saying], "O my sons, indeed Allah has chosen for you this religion, so do not die except while you are Muslims."


أَمْ كُنْتُمْ شُهَدَاءَ إِذْ حَضَرَ يَعْقُوبَ الْمَوْتُ إِذْ قَالَ لِبَنِيهِ مَا تَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ بَعْدِي قَالُوا نَعْبُدُ إِلَٰهَكَ وَإِلَٰهَ آبَائِكَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِسْحَاقَ إِلَٰهًا وَاحِدًا وَنَحْنُ لَهُ مُسْلِمُونَ (133)

Or were you witnesses when death approached Jacob, when he said to his sons, "What will you worship after me?" They said, "We will worship your God and the God of your fathers, Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac - one God. And we are Muslims [in submission] to Him."


تِلْكَ أُمَّةٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ ۖ لَهَا مَا كَسَبَتْ وَلَكُمْ مَا كَسَبْتُمْ ۖ وَلَا تُسْأَلُونَ عَمَّا كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ (134)

That was a nation which has passed on. It will have [the consequence of] what it earned, and you will have what you have earned. And you will not be asked about what they used to do.


وَقَالُوا كُونُوا هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَىٰ تَهْتَدُوا ۗ قُلْ بَلْ مِلَّةَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ حَنِيفًا ۖ وَمَا كَانَ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ (135)

They say, "Be Jews or Christians [so] you will be guided." Say, "Rather, [we follow] the religion of Abraham, inclining toward truth, and he was not of the polytheists."


قُولُوا آمَنَّا بِاللَّهِ وَمَا أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْنَا وَمَا أُنْزِلَ إِلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِسْحَاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ وَالْأَسْبَاطِ وَمَا أُوتِيَ مُوسَىٰ وَعِيسَىٰ وَمَا أُوتِيَ النَّبِيُّونَ مِنْ رَبِّهِمْ لَا نُفَرِّقُ بَيْنَ أَحَدٍ مِنْهُمْ وَنَحْنُ لَهُ مُسْلِمُونَ (136)

Say, [O believers], "We have believed in Allah and what has been revealed to us and what has been revealed to Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the Descendants and what was given to Moses and Jesus and what was given to the prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and we are Muslims [in submission] to Him."


فَإِنْ آمَنُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا آمَنْتُمْ بِهِ فَقَدِ اهْتَدَوْا ۖ وَإِنْ تَوَلَّوْا فَإِنَّمَا هُمْ فِي شِقَاقٍ ۖ فَسَيَكْفِيكَهُمُ اللَّهُ ۚ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ (137)

So if they believe in the same as you believe in, then they have been [rightly] guided; but if they turn away, they are only in dissension, and Allah will be sufficient for you against them. And He is the Hearing, the Knowing.


صِبْغَةَ اللَّهِ ۖ وَمَنْ أَحْسَنُ مِنَ اللَّهِ صِبْغَةً ۖ وَنَحْنُ لَهُ عَابِدُونَ (138)

[And say, "Ours is] the religion of Allah. And who is better than Allah in [ordaining] religion? And we are worshippers of Him."


قُلْ أَتُحَاجُّونَنَا فِي اللَّهِ وَهُوَ رَبُّنَا وَرَبُّكُمْ وَلَنَا أَعْمَالُنَا وَلَكُمْ أَعْمَالُكُمْ وَنَحْنُ لَهُ مُخْلِصُونَ (139)

Say, [O Muhammad], "Do you argue with us about Allah while He is our Lord and your Lord? For us are our deeds, and for you are your deeds. And we are sincere [in deed and intention] to Him."


أَمْ تَقُولُونَ إِنَّ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِسْحَاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ وَالْأَسْبَاطَ كَانُوا هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَىٰ ۗ قُلْ أَأَنْتُمْ أَعْلَمُ أَمِ اللَّهُ ۗ وَمَنْ أَظْلَمُ مِمَّنْ كَتَمَ شَهَادَةً عِنْدَهُ مِنَ اللَّهِ ۗ وَمَا اللَّهُ بِغَافِلٍ عَمَّا تَعْمَلُونَ (140)

Or do you say that Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the Descendants were Jews or Christians? Say, "Are you more knowing or is Allah?" And who is more unjust than one who conceals a testimony he has from Allah? And Allah is not unaware of what you do.


تِلْكَ أُمَّةٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ ۖ لَهَا مَا كَسَبَتْ وَلَكُمْ مَا كَسَبْتُمْ ۖ وَلَا تُسْأَلُونَ عَمَّا كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ (141)

That is a nation which has passed on. It will have [the consequence of] what it earned, and you will have what you have earned. And you will not be asked about what they used to do.




There is more to come... Your brother / Al-Athram

[سواها قلبي]

In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

I decided to reorganize the map so that it would lead us to a set of studies, because we don't need sermons or pompous speeches. The armies of preachers should spare their efforts. We need a calm, objective, and purposeful scientific study, through which we can learn the truth and the straight path, so that we can all walk it as one. You must be patient with me, because the ignorance of entire eras must be erased. This is not a mere hunting trip or a leisurely walk, but rather a study of entire religions. Religions are not studied on a journey or in a single session, but rather through careful study through the sacred texts of both sides. The work map will be organized as follows:


The discussion will be about the issue of the canon of the Gospels.. Questions have been raised about it, including the question of how the Bible was abrogated and distorted, as Muslims claim? .. And do Muslims keep the original Bible? Before I begin, I would like to point out two points. The first: that I begin by answering the Christian questions first.. because the study of Christianity must precede the study of Islam.. And the second: that I do not limit myself to these two questions related to abrogation and distortion.. Rather, there are other topics related to them that must be given attention.. such as the story of writing the Gospels and how some of them were accepted and became canonical, like the four Gospels, and how most of them were rejected, and why?


What are the similarities and differences between these canonical gospels? What is the position of the rest of the New Testament books and their doctrinal value? How was the canonical New Testament formed?


All of this and what is related to it, which is much, much more... I ask God to guide us to the truth, for no one guides to the truth except Him... and to show us the truth as truth and enable us to follow it... and to show us falsehood as falsehood and enable us to avoid it...


These questions and inquiries about the matters of agreement and disagreement in Christianity and Islam are still the subject of controversy between Christians and Muslims.


** The obvious question is: Where do people derive their beliefs from? It is agreed that religious beliefs are derived from the holy books. Therefore, logic dictates that the holy books be studied first before we discuss the beliefs derived from them. There is no doubt that the most important studies of those books are the studies conducted by scholars of that religion.


That is why I am now presenting a summary of some of what Christian scholars have concluded in their study of the Holy Books under the title (Discussion on the Books of the New Testament), which is exactly like the report that anyone interested would receive.


After that, I will present a talk entitled (A Look at the Books of the New Testament) that allows every reader, regardless of his culture, to see for himself the truth of what is in these books and the reasons that made many Christian scholars decide what we will present when talking about the books of the New Testament.


*** And thus the certain picture is completed for every seeker of truth.. and he has the right to ask for that.. because the state of mind of a person who is honest with himself always says:

I want to know... and contemplate... and verify... so that my heart can be reassured...


So, brothers and sisters, the brief points I will now write do not represent the words of a Muslim about Christianity. Rather, they represent the summary of the words of Christian scholars. As for the Muslim's words, they will only come at the end, when we arrive at a comment, clarification, or connection.


It is appropriate here to mention the Arabic names of the most important Christian references and their authors... and a brief introduction to them... so that after that we only need to mention the name of the source and the page number.


Foreign References

1- Title of the book: The Gospels ... Author: Theological Studies at the Union Theological Seminary in New York

2- Title of the book: The Gospel of Mark ... Author: Dennis Nineham - Professor of Theology at the University of London and Editor of the Pelican Series of Biblical Interpretations

3- Title of the book: A Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew ... Author: John Fenton - Dean of the Faculty of Theology in England

4- Title of the book: A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke ... Author: George Caird


5- Book Title: Commentary on the Gospel of John... Author: John Marsh - Dean of Mansfield College, Oxford, and Member of the Central Committee of the World Council of Churches.

6- Book Title: History of Doctrine. Author: Adolf Hernke - Professor of Church History at the University of Berlin.

7- Book Title: Sacred Writings. Author: Günter Lanszeged Minsky - Lecturer in the History of Doctrines at the University of Heidelberg, Germany.

8- Book Title: Encyclopedia Americana, 1959 edition.

9- Book Title: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1960 edition.

And there's more to come.

Your brother/Al-Athram

[سواها قلبي]

In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Discussion on the Books of the New Testament

The Canon of the Gospels


1- The early Christians did not believe that their holy books constituted a New Testament distinct from the Old Testament. When the first Christian writings appeared, they were all viewed as additions or supplements to what was in the books of the Law and the Prophets. They were read weekly in the Jewish temple and the Christian church. The New Testament is a heterogeneous book, as it is a collected diaspora. It does not represent a single point of view that prevails from beginning to end, but in reality, it represents different points of view (Frederick Grant, pp. 12, 17).


2 - In the last 150 years, scholars have realized that the first three Gospels differ from the Gospel of John in style and content. The Gospel of John differs significantly from the three similar Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke). It does not mention anything about the birth story. As for the stories that tell of Jesus’ public activity, there are differences in time and place when compared to their counterparts in the similar Gospels. The exact date in which the canonization of the books of the New Testament was determined is uncertain (Gunter Lanszkowski, pp. 32-36).



3 - There is an important and difficult problem that arises from the contradiction that appears in many aspects between the fourth gospel and the three parallel gospels. The difference between them is so great that if the parallel gospels were accepted as correct and reliable, then what follows from that is the invalidity of the Gospel of John. (Encyclopedia Americana: Vol. 13 - p. 73)

4 - “We have no certain knowledge of how the canon of the four gospels was formed, nor of the place where it was decided.”

Corruption of the Gospels:

Regarding the subject of distortion and the insertion or extraction of words into the text, we read the following:

The position of the Gospels is the opposite of that of Paul’s Epistles, as important changes occurred intentionally, such as inserting or adding entire paragraphs (Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 2, pp. 519-521).

5- The texts of all these manuscripts (of the New Testament) differ greatly and we cannot believe that any of them escaped error.. No matter how conscientious the copyist was, he committed errors.. and these errors remained in all the copies that were copied from the original copy.. Most of the existing copies of all sizes were subjected to other changes at the hands of the correctors whose job was not always to re-read correctly. (George Caird: p. 32)

*** Now let's examine the general picture of the Gospels. What I say is still the view of Christian scholars:

*** The claim that Matthew and Luke used the Gospel of Mark has become generally accepted. However, alongside the Gospel of Mark, they must have used another document now designated by the letter q, which stands for the word source, as derived from the German word that conveys this meaning (Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2, p. 523).


1- The Gospel of Mark:

1- Papias (circa 135 AD) says: "In fact, Mark, who was Peter's interpreter, wrote down with sufficient accuracy what his memory permitted of what was said about Jesus' deeds and sayings, but without any regard for order."

(We note that this Mark is the author of the earliest Gospels, on which both Matthew and Luke relied.) This happened because Mark had neither heard Jesus nor been a personal follower of him. Rather, at a later stage, as I (Papias) said before, he followed Peter. This statement of Papias is agreed upon by what Irenaeus quoted in his statement:

“After the death of Peter and Paul, Mark, Peter’s disciple and interpreter, handed down to us in writing what Peter had declared.” (Frederick Grant: pp. 73, 74)


2- There was no one by this name (Mark) who was known to have had a close connection or special relationship (with Jesus) or to have had a special fame in the early church. It is not certain whether the popular saying that identifies Mark, the author of the Gospel, as John Mark mentioned in (Acts 12:12, 25) is true or not. Or that he is Mark mentioned in the First Epistle of Peter (5:13) or that he is Mark mentioned in the Epistles of Paul: Colossians (10:4) 2 Timothy (4:11), Philemon 24.


It was the custom of the early Church to assume that all the events connected with the name of an individual mentioned in the New Testament were all due to one person of that name. But when we remember that the name Mark was the most common Latin name in the Roman Empire, then we realize how much doubt there is in identifying the person in this case. (Dennis Nineham: p. 39)

3- Regarding the date of writing this Gospel:

"It is often determined in the early part of the period (65-75) .. often in the year 65 AD or the year 66 AD .. Many scholars believe that what Mark wrote in (Chapter 13) .. was written after the year 70 AD. As for the place of writing: "The early Christian traditions do not help us .. Clement of Alexandria and Origen say Rome while others say Egypt .. In the absence of any clear identification that these traditions provide us with to know the place of writing, scholars have searched within the Gospel itself for what it can provide us .. On this basis, some suggested places were put forward, such as Antioch .. but Rome was the most acceptable (Dennis Nineham: p. 42). From this it is clear that no one knows exactly who Mark, the writer of the Gospel, is .. Likewise, no one knows exactly where this Gospel came from ..


Problems of the Gospel of Mark:

One of the problems with the Gospel of Mark is the variation in the versions over the years. This has led Christian scholars to say that “unavoidable changes have crept in… These have occurred intentionally or unintentionally… Among the hundreds of manuscripts – that is, hand-made versions – of the Gospel of Mark that have survived to the present day, we do not find any two versions that are completely in agreement.”

Another problem with the Gospel of Mark is the ending of this Gospel. Verses 9 to 20 (which talk about the appearance of Christ and his call to the disciples to preach to the world about the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit) are considered an addition, meaning that they were added about 110 years later. They did not appear for the first time until about the year 180 AD.

[سواها قلبي]

2 - The Gospel of Matthew

It is still clear that both the Hellenistic Paul and the Jewish evangelist Matthew held completely different views regarding the works and teachings of Jesus. (Frederick Grant, p. 141)


As for the date of writing this Gospel, it can be said that it was written in approximately the period from 85 to 105 AD. In any case, it can be said that it was written in the last quarter of the first century or in the first years of the second century (John Fulton, p. 11).


Regarding the place of its composition: Strong evidence points to Antioch, and since it is difficult to link the Gospel to a specific city, it is appropriate to say that it comes from somewhere in the surrounding area or any place located north of Palestine (Frederick Grant: p. 140).


Problems with the Gospel of Matthew:

1- Predicting the end of the world soon:

Although this idea dominated the thinking of the authors of the New Testament, Matthew was the most keen to confirm it. He expected that the end of the world would come in the days of Christ: before his apostles had completed their preaching in the cities of Israel (10:23), before death overtook some of Christ’s contemporaries who had listened to his teachings (16:28), and before that generation that was a contemporary of Christ and his disciples had perished (24:34).


It is clear, as John Fenton says on page 21, that “nothing of this happened as Matthew had expected.”

2 - Then comes the conclusion of the Gospel, which scholars doubt and consider to be foreign. It attributes to Christ what he said to his disciples: “Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit” (28:19).

This doubt is due, as Adolf Hernke, one of the greatest scholars of church history, says, to the following:

A- Only in the later stages of Christian teachings did it occur that Christ gave sermons and gave instructions after he was raised from the dead...and Paul did not know anything about this.

B - “This formula of the Trinity is strange to be mentioned by Christ...and it had no influence in the era of the Apostles...which is something it would have remained worthy of...had it been issued by Christ himself (Adolf Hernke: Part 1 - p. 79).”


3 - The Gospel of Luke:

It begins with an introduction that sheds much light on what was happening in early Christianity, especially regarding the composition of the Gospels. It says:


“And since many have undertaken to compile an account of the things accomplished among us, just as they were handed down to us by those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and servants of the word, it seemed good to me also, having investigated everything carefully from the beginning, to write it out for you in order, most excellent Theophilus, so that you may know the certainty of the things you have been taught.” (1:1-4)


**From this introduction, a number of points become clear that must be accepted:

1- Luke wrote a personal letter to Theophilus...and this letter was written in succession, according to the available time and information.


2 - Luke did this work out of purely personal motives, in order for the information he learned to reach his friend.. ** The man did not claim in his letter that he wrote it inspired or led by the Holy Spirit.. *** Rather, he explicitly states that his information came as a result of his personal effort because he followed everything from the beginning with precision..

3. Luke also states that many others had begun to compose Gospels.

4. Finally, Luke admits that he did not see Christ and was not one of his disciples. However, he wrote his letter based on information he received from those who had seen Christ and served him. It is well known that the Book of Acts, the longest book in the New Testament, is the second part of Luke's letter to Theophilus.

Scientists have tried to find out who Theophilus was, but their efforts have not yielded any definite results.


Frederick Grant says:

"We have no idea who this Theophilus might have been. He might have been a Roman official. Nor have we any of the many others who wrote similar stories. Although the matter is merely speculative, it is not impossible that the author of Luke's Gospel collected his material in Palestine or Syria as early as 70-80 AD, then combined it with the bulk of Mark's Gospel sometime in the 70s, and then published his Gospel around 80 or 85 AD. About five years later, he appended a second epistle to his original book, which we now know as the Acts of the Apostles, and published his work around 95 AD." (Frederick Grant, pp. 121, 127, 128)

Scholars' statements about Luke's writings include:

The Book of Acts contains many points that completely contradict the teachings mentioned in Paul's epistles. It is therefore inconceivable that these were written by someone with direct knowledge of Paul and his missionary journeys. Luke is rarely mentioned as a prominent figure in the historical records of the first century of Christianity (George Caird, pp. 15, 16, 17).

Problems with the Gospel of Luke:

1- The text of the Gospel of Luke suffers from the same changes that other books of the New Testament suffer from. However, the Western text of the Gospel and the Book of Acts suffers from significant differences in additions and deletions (George Caird, pp. 32, 33).


2- "Then there is the acute problem that resulted from the difference in the lineage of Christ, as reported by Luke, from what is stated in his version in the Gospel of Matthew... and in the books of the Old Testament."

This is one of the problems with the Gospels that we will discuss later.

And there is more to come.

Your brother, Al-Athram